Aspordene/Yund dağı, Mamurt Kale Kibele Tapınağı-Karadere

KARADERE KÖYÜ (MAMURT KALE-KİBELE) 

Yund Dağının en yüksek noktası olarak görülen 1084 metre yükseltide,bu gün Kınık Karadere'de Mamurt tepe,Aspordene, Kibele Tapınağı vardı. .Bu bölgede Cilalı Taş Döneminden kalma yeşil (Nefrit ) taştan yapılmış bir balta bulunmuştur. Gümüşova seramikleri Truva 1 ve Truva 2 kültürlerine benziyor. Karadere Mamurt Kalede aralarına çamur konarak yapılmış taş temeller Kalkolotik ve Bakırçağ kültürüne örnek olarak gösterilmekte.Aynı özellikleri taşıyan bina temelleri Yayla köy,Kınık ve Kocaömer köyü arasında kalan küçük tepede izleri görülmekte. Bugün Mamurt Kale olarak bilinen yerde sur duvarları yıkıntıları arasında dorukta Kibele Tapınağı kalıntıları bulunmaktadır.Büyük kesme granit parçalar,büyük gövdeli sütunlar,sütun ayakları alınlık parçaları yıkıntı halinde durmakta. Mermer olan birçok parça çevredeki köylerde yaşayan kişiler tarafından binaların temelleri için yerlerinden alınıp götürülmüştür.Diğer parçalar çok ağır olmaları nedeniyle bulundukları yerlerde korunmuştur.Bölgeye ulaşımın zor olması parçaların yerinde kalmasını sağlamıştır buna rağmen birçok parça eksik ve kayıp, bakımsızlık had safhada. Strabon,Coğrafya adlı eserinde bölgeye Aspordene adını vermektedir.Ana tanrıça tapkısının bulunduğu dağ diye Yund (YUNDA DAĞI-İAVANDA?, YAVANDA, YUANDA=YUNDA)dağının en yüksek noktasını Mamurt Kale'deki Kibele Tapınağını işaret etmektedir. Karadere Mamurt Tepe'deki Kibele Tapınağı Yunt dağının zirvesinde doğal korumada üzeri kayalık ve çevresi meşe ormanlarıyla kaplı bir alanda bulunmakta. Tapınak granit taşından dorik sütunlu ve büyük kesme kütle taşlardan harçsız olarak yapıldığı anlaşılmakta.Mamurt Kibele Tapınağı M.S. 17 depreminde yıkıldığı sanılmaktadır. 
M.S. 17 Yılında Tacitus'a göre çok büyük,şiddetli ve çok geniş bir alanı etkileyen bir deprem olmuştur. Tiberius tarafından desteklenen şehirler M.S. 30’da onun bir heykelini diktiler. Bu heykelin tabanı 1693’te Pozzuloli tarafından bulunmuştur. Tabanın dört tarafında 12 şehrin depremden yıkılmasının hicvinin yanı sıra iki şehrin daha (Efes ve Cibyra) tasviri bulunmuştur. Bu iki şehrin kısmen yıkıma uğradığı veya M.S. 23’teki depremde hasar gördüğü tahmin edilmekte.
Mamurt Kaledeki Kibele Tapınağı bereket tanrıçası Kibele adına yapılmıştır.Kybele kutsal mekanları, genelde dağlarda inşa edilmiş ve Tanrıça'nın, tatlısu kaynaklarının yakınındaki çıplak yarlarda ikamet ettiğine inanılmıştır.

Pergamon (modern Bergama), was radically transformed by Philetairos in the early 3rd century BC from a modest Greek town on a small but prominent mountain in the Kaikos valley, into a major fortified and prestigious center of a super-state. Under Philetairos' successors, the Attalids, Pergamon rose to become a major power in the Hellenistic world by the 2nd century BC. Much of their success depended on their negotiation skills and resourcefulness in creating allies.

When Philetairos targeted the sanctuary of the Mother of the Gods, Meter Theon, some 30 km southeast of town, for endowment, he set the ambitious tone of expansion for his successors. The sanctuary is located at Mamurt Kale, on the highest peak of the Aspordene mountains (today the Yünd Dağ); many of the communities around it now fell under Pergamene rule, as did the sanctuary itself.
Whether Philetairos was also responsible for the development of thesanctuary of Meter at Kapıkaya, 6 km northwest of Pegamon, is unclear. Although this was more of a nature sanctuary, on a craggy peak overlooking the Selinus river, it formed a direct line of visibility with Mamurt Kale across the sanctuary of Athena on the Pergamene acropolis. It also became a popular place of cult despite the difficulty of access.
Excavations were carried out at Mamurt Kale in September 1909, by a team from the Pergamon excavations (Conze & Schazmann 1911). The report gives detailed information on the architecture and the inscriptions, with a quick description of the coins. The ceramics were not treated in any depth, although drawings were provided of the terracottas, which were later more thoroughly dealt with in Töpperwein-Hoffmann in Nohlen 1978. This same volume further provided the report on the excavations at the Meter sanctuary at Kapıkaya, a sanctuary to Meter near Pergamon but in the exact opposite direction from
Location:

- Relative to polis: - 30 km southeast of Pergamon
- Physical: Located at the highest point of the Yünd Dağ, 1060 m ASL.
- Traffic: Not close to any known settlement (except for at the sanctuary);
- Social-political: Several towns were located in the Yünd Dağ which were closer to the sanctuary than Pergamon, some were at the heads of valleys leading towards Mamurt Kale - these include Aigai, Gambreion, and the unknown town near modern Sarıçam. Mamurt Kale.Visibility

- Regional: On a clear day Mamurt Kale is visible at great distances in this part of Asia Minor – e.g. Sardis, 70 km to the SE (see photo below); Philetairos’ architectural complex actually isolated the central part of the sanctuary from the panoramic view.
- With polis: Pergamon, 30 km away, is visible from the peak. Mamurt Kale is much more easily spotted from Pergamon, as it forms the highest peak on the horizon. Mamurt Kale is also visible from the Meter sanctuary at Kapıkaya, 6km NW of Pergamon, forming a direct line of sight across the Athena sanctuary on the acropolis - this axial line was observed by the excavators, since the line of the sanctuary complex follows the same orientation.
work

- indicated by the 50 coins found at the sanctuary from: Sardis, Apollonis, Thyateira, Apollonis, Gambreion, Elaia, Pitane, Aigai, Elaia, Pitane, Adramytteion, as well as Pergamon (Conze & Schazmann 1911), and several undetermined – coins range from the 4th c BC until late antiquity
- indicated by terracottas: fine figurines (fired at high temperatures) are similar to those found at Larisa (modern Menemen to the W) and cruder animal shapes, interpreted as locally made (terracottas do not appear to be from Pergamon!)
- exact nature unknown, although these are interpreted as being combined with the cult of Attis and thus orgiastic, based on the find of a sherd with ATTIN scratched into the rim
- 1000s of lamp fragments were found, dating from the Roman period (Conze & Schazmann 1911)



- Pre-Philetairos: large relatively flat open hilltop with an altar and shrine (naiskos)
- Philetairos: 2nd quarter of the 3rd c BC, built Π-shaped stoa complex, open on SE side, roughly 60 x 60 m, around the altar and temple around the naiskos. Stoas were entirely closed on the exterior, accessed through doorways (supporting internal columns were found only in the NE wing)
- open area of plateau immediately NW of temple, possibly for ritual actions or festivities?


- Philetairos: stoa complex with prostyle Doric temple that encased the older naiskos with the cult image. Temple and altar were the focus of the interior space of the complex; little attention was given to the embellishment of the exterior walls. Some roof tiles were found with 'Basileus' (royal) stamped on the visible surfaces

- Visual impression: although the peak of Mamurt Kale was visible from most of the surrounding region, the temple complex may not have been seen as well, as it was on the middle of the plateau – also the blank walls would probably not have made a large visual impression.

- Interior monumental space: the monumentality of Philetairos’ complex seems focused on interior space, several slots were found to hold stele; statuary is indicated by a large bronze finger and a base for a female statue (Antiochis, wife of Philetairos nephew Attalos)